Surveying

Surveying, the first step of starting a new civil engineering project, is a very important branch of civil engineering. To understand the techniques of surveying a student must carefully study …

The general and basic principles of underground surveys meant for mines and tunnel setting out are almost the same as for surface except for the fact that the conditions under …

Hydrographic survey is that branch of surveying which deals with the measurement of bodies of water. It is the art of delineating the submarine levels, contours and features of seas, …

A contour line is a imaginary line which connects points of equal elevation. Such lines are drawn on the plan of an area after establishing reduced levels of several points …

Uses of Conventional Surveying Chain Surveying: Used for taking linear measurements in the field. One-dimensional measurements. Compass: Used for measuring directions of survey lines. Theodolite: Used for measuring angles of …

E.D.M is the electronic distance measuring device, measures the distance from the instrument to its target. The EDM sends out an laser or infrared beam which is reflected back to …

The vertical distance or the difference in the elevation between the two contour lines in a topographical map. Three main differences between contour interval and horizontal equivalent as follows: Contour …