Civil Engineering Knowledge
The vertical distance or the difference in the elevation between the two contour lines in a topographical map. Three main differences between contour interval and horizontal equivalent as follows: Contour …
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Fundamental Techniques Used for Surveying are Triangulation: In this technique numerous triangles are inter-connected and overlapped to measure angles from a surveying station. Trilateration: It follows the same technique as …
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Whole Circle Bearing and Quadrantal Bearing (Reduced Bearing) are two different types of bearing measurement used in surveying. The difference between these types are mentioned below. Whole Circle Bearing The …
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The main source of instrumental error is residual collimation error. Keeping the horizontal lengths of the backsights and foresights at each instrument position equal will cancel this error. Where the …
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The applications of surveying explained in following points To prepare the topographical map which shows hills, rivers, forests, valleys, etc. To prepare the engineering map showing engineering details like highways, …
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Introduction Plane Table Surveying is a graphical method of survey in which the field observations and plotting are done simultaneously. It is simple and cheaper than theodolite survey. It is …
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Tacheometry Tacheometry is a method of surveying in which horizontal distances, and differences in elevations are determined by measuring intercepts on a graduated scale and angles using theodolite. The word …
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Chain surveying is the easiest type of survey in which area to be surveyed is divided into a number of triangles. Chain surveying instruments: Chain Tape Arrows Ranging Rods Offset …
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